Illegal logging

Illegal logging Introduction Illegal logging is one of the many causes of deforestation and is one of the worlds most pressing environmental problems (Chatham House, 2009; EIA, 2008). It is fuelled substantially by a large and indiscriminate international market demand for cheap timber and timber products (EIA, 2008). While poverty, economic collapse, provincial autonomy and many other factors also contribute to this form of rainforest destruction, corruption is at the core of the problem (Plate 1) (EIA Telapak, 2005). Previously, for the most part, within the international community there has been ambivalence regarding illegal logging and trade and destruction of tropical rainforests (Cock, 2008). This unlawful practice has only come to the attention of the global community in the past few decades (Cock, 2008; EIA, 2008). Efforts to combat illegal logging and trade have started to become a policy priority across the globe and international initiatives have been established (EIA, 2008; Glastra, 1999). Outline This paper will consider the international response to illegal logging and trade and whether that response has been successful. The discussion will commence by defining illegal logging and other related terms. The analysis will then focus on a brief overview of the occurrence of this illicit practice and the environmental, social and economic issues associated. The next part of the essay will discuss what the international response to illegal logging and trade is and its effectiveness using some key examples. Finally, limitations on data and recommendations for future actions will be discussed and the main arguments of this account summarised. Definitions Illegal logging is the practice in which loggers, millers, and transporters go against national laws to harvest, mill, and transport timber and wood products illegally, or through corrupt practices (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). The illegal trade of timber can involve exporting or importing: tree species prohibited under national or international law; timber or timber products in violation of national bans; the unauthorized movement of timber across borders and the movement of illegally logged timber from forest to market (Callister, 1999). International initiatives are a response to the growing concern of non-governmental agencies, the public, the scientific community and governments about important issues and can include the formation or alteration to organizations, official forums, action plans and conventions (Glastra, 1999). An international organisation attempts to govern the global political economy in relation to some key issue and imposes order through pressures and restra ints (Emadi-Coffin, 2002). An international convention is a legally binding agreement to any country that signs it, in which the implementation of national policy or legislation is required to achieve the objectives of the convention (Glastra, 1999). Overview of Illegal Logging and Trade Illegal logging involves the removal of large and valuable trees from primary forests, which, creates secondary forests, can make forests more susceptible to fires, and facilitates the exploitation of the forests for other uses (Dauvergne, 2001). Factors which aid illegal logging and trade can include: undue political influence, poor government policies, and poor enforcement systems (Glastra, 1999). The causes of illegal logging can encompass: misguided community views that illegal logging is not a criminal or harmful activity, over-complex regulatory government frameworks, lack of government willingness or capacity to enforce the law, and corruption (Table 1) (Tacconi, 2007). Illegal logging is driven largely by the profit it generates (Tacconi, 2007). Occurrence Illegal logging occurs across the globe and is estimated to affect approximately seventy countries (Tacconi, 2007). It has contributed to an increase in the rate of deforestation worldwide, particularly in the globes most densely forested areas, such as Asia, South America, and Central and West Africa (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). Illegal timber is also exported from Laos, the Philippines, India, and Thailand (Glastra, 1999). Table 2, below, shows estimates of illegal logging and trade in various countries. Impacts and Issues Illegal logging and trade can result in a range of negative ecological, economic and social impacts (Callister, 1999). Environmental costs may comprise of accelerated soil erosion, and illegal logging in protected areas (Callister, 1999). The practice also drives global forest degradation, deforestation and the loss of biodiversity (Dauvergne, 2001; EIA, 2008). Social issues that are caused by this illegal activity can include: land use conflicts, restricted access to food and on local use of timber and large scale job losses (Callister, 1999). Additionally, it is a threat to governments regulatory mechanisms, undermines legislation, and can lead to a climate of lawlessness and corruption (Glastra, 1999). It can also provide the financial resources to support rogue regimes, help finance civil wars and undermine democratic reforms (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). Associated economic impacts can include vast economic loss for the producer country, reduction of resource capacity and mar ginalisation other stakeholders (Glastra, 1999). Illegal logging and trade can also depress the market value of timber, and disadvantage those companies and countries that engage in legal logging and trade (Rhodes, Allen Callahan, 2006). The International Response In the 1970s and 1980s, numerous international initiatives and organisations were proposed which funded projects aimed at promoting reforms to forest governance in response to growing public awareness of logging and deforestation (Cock, 2008). During the late 1980s and 1990s the international agenda was focused on issues such as conservation and reforestation (Cock, 2008). More recently, however, following the international communitys struggle to slow forest loss ,the focus has shifted to market-based instruments, environmental protection, public policy, pricing to reflect the scarcity of timber resources, promotion of efficient use and international monitoring systems (Cock, 2008; EIA, 2008; Geist Lambin, 2002). Climate change and the worries about increased carbon in the atmosphere have also led to greater concern, as forests sequester 45% of terrestrial carbon (EIA, 2008). Western consumer societies create a market for the trade of illegally logged timber, which in turn causes fu rther degradation (Geist Lambin, 2002). Table 3 reveals estimates of the illegal proportion of wood products imported by many countries, even in those countries who have adopted legislation or formal agreements to exclude illegal material. There are a wide variety of international initiatives that target illegal logging and which will be discussed below. International Law Currently, there is no one international instrument designed to suppress the trade of illegal timber (Schloenhardt, 2008). For the most part, current instruments under international law are agreements that are designed to protect the environment and promote sustainable use of resources (Schloenhardt, 2008). At present, there is an absence of legal liability for private businesses that cause environmental damage, no offence of illegal logging in international law, and the trafficking and sale of illegally obtained timber is not criminalised in any treaty (Glastra, 1999; Schloenhardt, 2008). There is a need to strengthen legislation that protects forests and increase penalties for infractions (Glastra, 1999). Many international treaties and organisations have developed frameworks that partially regulate, control and limit to some extent, the international trade of timber (Schloenhardt, 2008). International Initiatives In relation to illegal logging and trade, there are numerous international agreements, treaties, organisations and conventions that exist under international law. They can be concerned with: the conservation and protection of individual species, the preservation of specific areas or habitats, protection of biodiversity, and may focus on sustainable development (Schloenhardt, 2008). Glastra (1999) offered the opinion that generally, international conventions appear to act as an excuse. Cock (2008) claims that the applications of policy, reforms or other international initiatives have had little effect in slowing forest loss. The following examples demonstrate the general lack of effectiveness of many international response mechanisms. The Convention on Biological Diversity was established in 1992, with 168 signatories (Fisher, 2003). Signatories are required to limit activities that threaten extinction of species or degradation of ecosystems, such as forests, within their territory, and are expected to rehabilitate and restore damaged ecosystems as well as create and enforce laws and regulations (Glastra, 1999). Schloenhardt (2008) comments that the convention has been criticised for being largely ambitious, achieving little practical outcomes, that it does not effectively contribute to suppressing the illicit timber trade. Glastra (1999) notes that the convention fails to deal with some elements that are specific for forests, and as such, additional protocols should be added. Little progress has also been made to implement national policy and legislation for this convention and this poor implementation as well as lacking enforcement needs to be addressed (Glastra, 1999). Conversely, Sayer and Maginnis (2005) argu e that the convention has contributed to the development of current strategies for sustainable forest management and that it has promoted two key principles, that forest management must be a matter of societal choice and that it must be developed as far as possible to local stakeholders. Overall, this response mechanism appears to have negligible effectiveness. The Forestry Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) conference was held in Bali in 2001, and focused particularly on how to combat illegal logging (Tacconi, 2007). The responding EU FLEG and Trade action plan is said to be a positive step forward (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). However, the progress is slow, there is still no timber on the market that is EU FLEGT approved, and some countries pursing EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VAP) are making negligible progress (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). The effectiveness of many of these agreements is questionable, such as in Indonesia, since there has been inconsiderable subsequent implementation or follow-up and they do not include sufficient sanctions for countries not taking part or not making adequate progress (Chatham House, 2009; House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). These voluntary agreements do not address trade through third party countries, do not cover a ll timber producing countries; and may legitimise destructive practises and will not be sufficient alone to reduce illegal logging significantly at a global level. (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009) Cameroon, however, has demonstrated a political commitment to tacking illegal logging and trade through negotiating a FLEGT VPA with the EU and respondents to a Chatham House survey were positive regarding the level of international co-operation shown by the government with more than half agreeing that the level of Cameroons international cooperation was good (Chatham House, 2009). The FLEGT VAP programme seems to be having some effect in selected countries. The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) and Agreement (ITTA) were introduced in the late 1980s (Cock, 2008). The ITTA was originally designed as a commodity agreement with an environmental clause that allowed it to address the issue of sustainable logging (Cock, 2008). Its ability to address illegal logging has been restricted by a lack of authority and resources (Cock, 2008). Additionally, the ITTOs budget has generally been small and based on voluntary contributions with disagreements frequently occurring between its temperate and tropical members (Cock, 2008). Glastra (1999) states that the ITTO debilitates its target to ensure that all internationally traded tropical timber originates from forests that are sustainably managed by not supporting or accepting import bans on illegally exported or sourced timber. Some non-governmental organisations consider association with the ITTO pointless as it has neither successfully reformed the timber trade, nor established any m echanism to accomplish reform (Glastra, 1999). Schloenhardt (2008) points out that a number of documents, such as guidelines regarding sustainable forest management, have been produced but the organisation has failed to do anything considerable in relation to illegal timber trade. Forest certification and the promotion of sustainable logging have been suggested as alternatives to conventions and organisations (Cock, 2008). However, while the idea is good in theory, it is not as effective in the real world as it does not deliver on the ground (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Documents of certification can be forged and corruption in some countries can allow certification to be given when the timber has not come from legal or sustainable logging practices (EIA, 2008). In 2008 in the UK, the EIA conducted an experiment in which sixteen random retailers selling merbau (a timber which is associated with a high degree of illegality) were called and researchers who posed as customers found that none could provide any evidence that their timber was legal (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). However, these schemes do increase awareness of and generate an interest in the issue of illegal logging, highlighting to companies that t hey need to take action on illegal timber (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Schloenhardt (2008) states that certification would assist in identifying legal products and that electronic certification systems would facilitate this certification effectively. This response may be effective if there were highly developed monitoring systems in place. Strengths, Limitations and Recommendations Strengths and Limitations There are some limitations with the current data regarding the extent and occurrence of illegal logging and trade. Data provided by many producer countries may be misleading as it is subject to corruption, lack of resources, weak identification of illegal products, difficulty with monitoring remote areas and a lack of transparency (Schloenhardt, 2008). Also, much of the data available is in the form of estimates, as the majority of research is limited to examining the process of the licit timber trade, legislative frameworks and environmental issues (Schloenhardt, 2008). The House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee (2009) supports this claim, insisting that reliable statistics on illegal activities, such as illegal logging and trade are difficult to gather and quantify. The available information on illegal logging is mostly limited to sources of non-governmental and some intergovernmental organisations, and not from academic research (Schloenhardt, 2008). Discrepancies with the data were also found between sources and there are issues with the definitions of illegal timber varying between countries (Schloenhardt, 2008). Another limitation is regarding international law as conventions and agreements are usually based on good faith, with enforcement in the form of pressure from the international community, naming and shaming and on rare occasions, economic sanctions (Fisher, 2003). Present international responses to illegal logging and trade have had some success in a few countries, such as in Madagascar and Cameroon (Chatham House, 2009). The pressure exerted by the international community and the growing awareness that is promoted by international actions can, as in the case of Madagascar, persuade governments in producing and consuming nations to adopt beneficial policy and legislation (Butler, 2010). Some progress has been made with producer countries, with major consumer countries of timber and timber products failing to close their markets to illicit wood (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Recommendations There are a number of recommendations available regarding the reduction of illegal logging and trade. Further research is required into the trade and trade paths of illegal logging (Schloenhardt, 2008). However as Geist Lambdin (2002) have shown, illegal logging on its own is not as significant a cause of deforestation, compared to agricultural expansion or technological factors. It may be more appropriate to address significant forest loss issues and target the underlying and proximate causes of deforestation, rather than signalling out illegal logging. Alternatively, instead of trying to curb the trade of illegal timber, it may be more prudent to directly address the causes of illegal logging, which will in turn reduce the trade of illicit timber. The EIA (2008) states that to successfully combat this illegal practice, there must be in-country forest governance and international trade policies that are consistent with the goal of reducing drivers of deforestation. Other alternativ es may include payment incentives to reward reforestation, afforestation and avoided deforestation (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Additionally, clearing external debt of countries that are major producers of illegal timber may provide a pathway to eliminate concessions and subsidies related to timber and timber products (McCarthy, 2002). Another solution may be to make it an explicit offence to import, sell or possess illegal wood. International agreements should have their statuses raised to protect them from being weakened by global trade agreements, the environment should be given precedence over free trade and an international system should be implemented that can restrict, control and make transnational and private operators legally accountable for their illegal operations (Glastra, 1999). Importing countries should be encouraged to implement measures and processing countries, such as China and Malaysia, need to establish agreements and enter into legally binding mechanisms (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Not all major consumer countries have agreements in place. The US implemented an amendment to the Lacey Act only recently in 2008 which prohibits the import of illegal timber and allows for prosecution of violations either through civil, criminal or forfeiture provisions (Chatham House, 2009). While the UK and Australian governments have been proactive in supporting measures agains t illegal logging and trade, there has been no tangible progress in implementation of any measures (House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2009). Glastra (1999) concludes that as long as there is illegal logging, sustainable forestry management cannot occur and that the unwillingness of some governments to address key underlying causes, will prevent strategies to combat illegal logging and trade from being effective. Conclusions Illegal logging and trade occurs across the globe and has numerous economic, environmental and social impacts. International response to this illicit practice has occurred only recently, from the 1970s onward. Currently, this response is not sufficient enough to properly address, prevent and suppress illegal logging and trade. Some measures are having positive impacts in selective countries, however on the larger scale, more needs to be done. Further research and alternate actions are required to achieve significant reductions in illegal logging and trade. There isnt and never will be a ‘quick fix to illegal logging and trade. Successful solutions will undoubtedly be complex, and will need to target multiple levels of issues and have long term application.

Does the Internet Have a Negative Effect on Youth or Does Its Use Need to Be Monitored More Essay

Does the internet have a negative effect on youth or does its use need to be monitored more? The Internet has become a major part of everyday life for most Americans especially today’s youth but some say that internet has a negative effect on youth more than a positive one. The question is: are all of the effects of the internet negative? The internet is used by most youth for entertainment, to find information and to connect with people. Unfortunately while the internet can be useful it has been known to cause negative effects on children. Social networking sites are very popular among today’s youth. In recent years cyber bullying has become a trend among youth because of the internet. There are also cases that youth have been exposed to inappropriate websites while on the internet and it had a negative effect on them. The internet has been known to cause a negative effect on youth but it can be prevented if their internet use is monitored. Social networking websites that are popular on the internet Twitter, MySpace, face book and YouTube. It is said by some t hat youth spend more time on websites like these than studying and doing their homework. While most of the young people in the study got good grades, 47 percent of the heaviest media users, those who consumed at least 16 hours a day, had mostly C’s or lower, compared with 23 percent of those who typically consumed media three hours a day or less (New York Times). Some youth can spend all day on social networking sites. Often times social networking sites can also become a distraction to youth. Most youth would much rather get on face book or twitter than study or write a paper. Most of the time youth can begin writing a paper but end up spending hours on face book. Social networking sites also have been known to cause children to be kidnapped or raped. Because of the amount of information that can be put on these sites it is easy for them to be tracked. There have also been cases where youth have chatted someone under the impression that they were someone else. There have been several cases where children have been harmed because someone found them on social netwo rking site. This can only be prevented if youth internet is monitored. So it seems that social networking sites can only have a negative effect if the time they spend on social networks is not being monitored correctly. Cyber bullying is another negative effect from the internet. Cyber bullying is using the Internet to  send or post texts or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person. It has been said that forty-three percent of teens have been victimized by cyber-bullying in the last year (ncpc.org).Cyber-bullying is a result of youth being mad at another peer or just trying to have fun. Cyber-bullying has been said to cause depression and sometimes even suicide among youth. It has become a major problem among youth in recent years. A lot of the time cyber bullying takes place on sites like twitter, face book and sometimes even YouTube. There have been cases all over the news where youth have said that they became depressed because of cyber-bullying.Most youth who have participated in cyber bullying thought that it was funny and not realized that it would have a negative effect on the victim. There have been steps taken to try to prevent cyber-bullying but there are still some cases where it is still happening. Cyber-bullying can be prevented if t he internet use is being monitored. Almost eighty percent of teens said they did not have rules for the internet or that it was not monitored. While browsing the internet the youth can be exposed to a lot of inappropriate websites that most would agree they shouldn’t be exposed to. Twenty five percent of youth had unwanted exposure to sexual pictures on the internet in the past year, challenging the prevalent assumption that the problem is primarily about young people motivated to actively seek out pornography according to youth and society (Protectkids.com).One quarter of these youth were upset by being exposed to pornography. In other cases when youth are exposed to pornography they become interested and begin watching it regularly. According to one study, when youth under fourteen years of age are exposed to pornography it is related to greater involvement in deviant sexual practice, particularly rape (protectkids.com). It has also been said that because pornography encourages sexual expression without responsibility it endangers children’s health. If a child were to see porn he/she may think that is okay to have unprotected sex which could then lead to std’s and unplanned pregnancy( protectkids,com ). Although porn can and has had negative effects on children it has been said that porn does not always have negative effects on children. Some children are exposed and it has no effect at all. In the end it seems that it may depend on the child if it has a negative effect or not. It also seems that the only way that this can be prevented is if their internet use is monitored. There are strategies that  can be taken to do this (Council). It seems to be proven that the internet can in fact have a negative effect on youth. Social networking sites can cause youth grades to drop. Cyber-bullying mostly takes place on the internet and it cause youth to become depressed. Youth can be exposed to several inappropriate websites which can damage their future development. The internet can be a very useful tool for youth to have access to but it can also have a very negative impact on youth if it is not monitored correctly. To ensure that the internet does not harm our youth in negative way parents/guardians must monitor their children’s internet use.

Want to Know More About Excellent College Essay Samples?

Want to Know More About Excellent College Essay Samples? College application essay, is a significant aspect as it enables the panel, pick the best students that show the proper kind of motivation, for placement into a few of their programs. A college application essay is a substantial means of letting the panel learn more concerning the student. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting sections of applying to college. If you would like to create a college essay which works, you will need to provide importance on the content you will give the admissions officer of your intended university with. Formality doesn't always indicate that you will need to sound like a robotic small business executive. Below are a few of the examples in the kind of prompts a student will probably encounter in a college essay request. Many college authorities ask that you compose an application essay before getting an admission. Your college counselor can offer valuable insight into how to boost your college application essays, so make sure to find feedback on your drafts whenever possible. A thesis statement functions as a guide, on which the remainder of the paper is hinged on. Now, utilizing a sample college essay isn't the exact same as plagiarism. Developing a wonderful college essay are able to lose its purpose in the event the content of what you've written is not what the university is asking for. The Nui ances of Excellent College Essay Samples Your application paper can make the whole difference on the planet! Well-done samples offer an education in format. The MLA rule book states that the paragraphs should begin by leaving a half-inch space at the start. At length, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. One of the main aspects about a college essay is, it ought to be grammatically coherent. The duration of your essay is not what universities start looking for. Because you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the very best information about you, you should do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to accomplish its purposes. Whatever college essay topic you select or are assigned, the secret is to compose a fantastic stand-out essay. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a number of essay writing basic guide that you must always remember. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. The way you begin your essay is essential to the reception your essay will receive, so this step should take up lots of your essay writing process. A typical essay consists of various information that's often located at specific parts of the essay. Excellent College Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! Usually, searching over the world wide web for free essays are often quite challenging. There are lots of solutions to your essay writing needs online but some are much better than others. This sort of essay typically has a minimum of 250 words. In this instance, attempt to hit the minimal words required and make sure that the essay you will write is packed with relevant info and beneficial specifics. Explain your commitments, and you are going to be the sort o f student colleges find immensely attractive. Some institutions request an essay about a student's choice of a university or career. For many students, it merely sounds too fantastic to be true. Therefore, a lot of the students will concentrate on ensuring they have the appropriate grades to enter a specific college. If you'll include details that may directly hit the requirements of the school, then it is easy to get the approvalA that you should be accepted for enrollment. Write about why it'll be important to you and why you should get a college education. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is an excellent fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a portion of their first requirements. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to folks who are quite interested in how you are going to deal with the subsequent four years all on your own. Getting into college is most likely one of the most difficult things you've been through and you have probably worked hard towards this objective. Colleges are searching for a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate you r private growth.

Silver Tree Chemistry Demonstration

In this simple chemistry demonstration or crystal project youll grow a silver crystal tree. This is a variation of the classic method of growing silver crystals on a copper wire or bead of mercury. Silver Crystal Tree Materials sheet of copper that has been cut into a tree shape or a tree made from copper wire 0.1 M silver nitrate solution Grow a Silver Crystal Tree How It Works 2 Ag Cu → Cu2 2 Ag When you are finished growing the silver crystals, you can remove the tree from the solution and use it as a decoration.

Simulacrum And Simulations And Simulacra And Science Fiction

Think about the last time you sent a text in order to communicate with another person. You may have been under the impression that you were talking with someone, but in reality you were simply pressing down on your phone and watching the pixels on the screen move. According to Jean Baudrillard’s ideologies, you were the mere product of a simulation. In â€Å"Simulacra and Simulations† and â€Å"Simulacra and Science Fiction†, author and sociologist Jean Baudrillard explains this phenomenon by exploring the concept of simulacrum and simulations. Baudrillard argues that we live in a simulation that is more real than reality, and thus no longer even bears a resemblance to reality. In other words, the reality we think we know is really just an illusion. One movie with an exceptional amount of parallels to Baudrillard’s ideologies is The Matrix, directed by the Wachowskis. Many people believe that foundation of The Matrix’s plot is based off Baudrillardà ¢â‚¬â„¢s philosophies, however this has been met with numerous counterarguments. While The Matrix’s plot may correspond with many Baudrillard’s beliefs, it is my belief that The Matrix is not solely based on Baudrillard’s works but instead incorporates ideas from a variety of different sources. Although people may assume that the terms simulacra and simulation are interchangeable, it is important to specify how they differ. The chapter, â€Å"Simulacra and Simulations† in Selected Writings opens with quote from Ecclesiastes stating â€Å"[t]he simulacrumShow MoreRelatedThe Simulation Of Reality, By Cameron Stewart2555 Words   |  11 PagesThe Simulation of Reality Even at a first glance, Cameron Stewart’s webcomic Sin Titulo seems to be fraught with mystery, uncertainty and a certain sense of foreboding. It’s fast-paced and pulls the reader in immediately with its questions of existentialism as it blurs the line between dream spaces and reality. There is anxiety, paranoia and the text is full of philosophical paradoxes and references. Above all, however, the text grapples with the question of what reality is, how human beings perceiveRead MoreHyperreality3079 Words   |  13 Pagesrepeat, deception, falsehood, operation and forcibly. Hyper- reality or media accelerate new wedding behaviour to intrude our mind and it permeates our mental. J.Baudrillard(1988:98) said â€Å"as a sort of historical attraction to the second degree, a simulacrum to the second power.† The new wedding behaviours are deception and falsehood; the wedding photography companies build up a hyper reality land for the bride and groom to takes photos. There normally like a Destiny land or cinema studio, people canRead MoreModifying the Story Summer Solstice Through the Screenplay Tatarin4949 Words   |  20 PagesFulfillment of the Subject RD 100 - Research Design Leader Divine Angeline Leaà ±o Members Erinn Chua Jan Erik Miras Jamie Robertson San Juan Clarissa Tan Cherryl Tolentino October 2011 Department of Media Studies College of Arts and Sciences Trinity University of Asia Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to come up with a clear justification on the reasons why screenwriters and filmmakers would modify books. It should be understood that the book and the film are two different

Economic way of thinking Free Essays

In addition to their Immediate effects secondary effects are effects of a policy change that might not be noticeable when the policy change Is Implemented 7. The value of a good or service Is subjective what one good Is worth to person A, may have a completely different value by person B (l Like pizza with extra cheese, I value It highly. You are allergic to dairy products, so you place a low value on a pizza with extra cheese) 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic way of thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The test of a theory Is Its ability to predict Positive and normative economics Positive economics – the study of â€Å"what Is† among economic relationships For Instance, positive statements can be statistically evaluated. Normative economics – Judgments about â€Å"what ought to be† In economic matters Normative statements merely reflect people’s values – these statements cannot be proven true or false by economic thinking (think of It as a policeman’s views on any matter – abortion, capital punishment, etc. Those pollens cannot be proven right or wrong – they can merely be Judged) Economic way of thinking By gangplank 5. The acquisition of information is costly information can help people make better decisions, but information is a scarce good – the time it takes to search for the 6. Economic actions often generate secondary effects in addition to their immediate when the policy change is implemented 7. The value of a good or service is subjective what one good is worth to person A, may have a completely different value by person B (l like pizza with extra cheese, I alee it highly. You are allergic to dairy products, so you place a low value on a pizza with extra cheese) 8. The test of a theory is its ability to predict Positive economics – the study of â€Å"what is† among economic relationships For instance, positive statements can be statistically evaluated. Normative economics – judgments about â€Å"what ought to be† in economic matters proven true or false by economic thinking (think of it as a politician’s views on any matter – abortion, capital punishment, etc. Those opinions cannot be proven right or How to cite Economic way of thinking, Papers

International Food and Agribusiness Management

Question: Discuss about the International Food and Agribusiness Management. Answer: Introduction: Seafood processing sector across the world comprises of the breeding and production of fish and other creatures found in the sea. Many of the firms in this sectors operate vessels which are used for processing and not catching fishes and other food. Besides the industry also have enterprises that freeze the whole fish and offer it to the market. The focus of the report is Tassal salmon company based in the Tasmanian region in Australia. Globally, the seafood and fishing sector is becoming the most luxurious due to expected growth in the coming decades occasioned by the increased demand for seafood products and services (Birch et al. 2012). In Australia, the industry is also performing well, and it is capable of providing the products to the local and other markets across the world. The industry is expanding to meet the increasing demand and broaden the market. In Australia there are many companies but there are various companies competing to satisfy the consumers such as Petuna Seafo ods, Tassal and Huon Aquaculture. Firms operating in this industry adheres to certain environmental practices, are concerned about the society and use resources to meet their objectives (Bose Brown 2000). Marketing Background of the Company Tassal pays a particular attention to the ecological and social issues in the process of providing the services to consumers and other clients. These practices ensure that seafood reaches the consumers but with minimal effects on the fish populations and damage on the marine environment. For example, sustainable environmental practices do not only focus on the number of fish species left in the ocean, it is concerned with the methods of catching the fish, the influence on the marine wildlife and seafloor. It also touches on the regular functioning of the marine ecosystems (Farmery et al. 2014). As such, Tassal is conscious of the practices and takes into consideration the factors. Some of the reason why some companies are unable to satisfy the environmental requirements includes poor management, insufficient knowledge, and catching of the unintended species such as unwanted fish, seabirds, corals, turtles and dolphins (Tassal, n.d.) Tassal deals with seafood caught and farmed responsibly and this prevents depletion of fish populations and no ecosystem jeopardy. Besides, the company sources food from the sea and uses methods which do not threaten the habitats or end up catching huge volumes of non-intended species (Tassel, n.d.). Further, the company supports the surrounding communities by making positive contributions because they are part of the same society and employees live in the same environment. For example, the company is involved in some support activities in schools, local sports clubs, and nongovernment organizations because they are an essential part of an active community (Tassel, n.d.). Tassal Marketing Strategies Tassal is a Food processing, a fishing company founded in 1986 and since then it had grown from private to public company and listed on ASX back in 2003. The firm was established in Tasmania Australia and headquartered in Hobart in Tasmania, and since its inception, Tassal has been proving a full range of delicious, healthy and fresh Atlantic salmon responsibly bred from pristine waters. In the industry where it operates, it is recognized as one of the leading companies with more 800 fabulous employees proving services to consumers (Tassal, n.d.). The company has an extensive range of services and products such as fresh, canned, frozen and smoked salmon recipes. Services offered includes cooking techniques and the methods of preparing salmon dishes to family and friend in homes. To ensure the supply of products, Tassal relies on three hatcheries that are capable of producing ten million of smolt annually through selective breeding programs. The fishes produced are demanded by companies on wholesale while other are exported to other markets (Tassal, n.d.). In the country, consumers can access salmon in two major stores based in Salamanca, Kew and Tasmania and Victoria. The main competitors include Huon, Petuna Seafoods, and Aquaculture (Curtotti et al. 2012). The section explores the marketing mix strategies used by tassel in the market. The focus includes price, place, promotion, product and theories will be used to support the market moves employed. These strategies are important for the firms when marketing their products and services in the market (Goi 2015). This makes the company understand the right product for the market and target consumers, appropriate prices which the target population can afford, placing them in the right place and employing the most suitable promotion strategies to popularize products portfolio and the brand. The purpose of applying the strategies is to ensure the offering have the right and desired features that consumers want, providing good price, delivering them at the right time and making the buyers aware of the availability and cost adjustments (Dentoni et al 2014). The product is the center of the marketing focus by Tassel and therefore resources, energy and innovativeness should be employed to make it appealing to the market. The company should be concerned with the meaning of the product offered to the customer and work on aspects such as its appearance and the benefits to the buyers. For instance, the packaging must be appealing to the people and meets others social requirements such as health benefits which can attract the consumers currently and in the future. Further, the brand can be broadened for tactical purposes like competition from other salmon companies which means the company need increase the innovation of its products and services and also cater for fluctuating demand for Seafood in the coming decades (Constantinides 2006). According to segmentation theory, the products and services offered to consumers seek to satisfy and address customers' problems and needs. However, all buyers have different needs and want, and therefore some will find the product not favorable to them. Therefore, the firms should produce products based on the target segments purchasing power. Thus, Tassel makes products that are tailored toward particular segments based on demographics, desires, and behaviors and the marketing efforts and strategies are directed to the prospects segments to them (Dentoni et al. 2014). The Life Cycle theory argues that the marketing strategies adopted by the firm should evolve as the product goes through various phases such as growth phase and maturity. In the early phases, the marketing should be tailored toward informing consumers of the benefits to spark interests, at other stages, the aim should be to build loyalty and achieve differentiation (Lam Harker 2015). In the marketing mix theory aspects, the price is essential as it helps the company generate sales revenue to support other activities. This means that the set prices of the product and services provided have a significant role in determining the value made by the firm (Lam Harker 2015) To this regard, the salmon costs are determined by understanding the customers perception on what the real value of the services and product are. The management, therefore, has initiatives aimed at exploring the consumers opinions and using them to adjust the price based on what customers value what they pay for. However, there are diverse marketing forces which affect the pricing strategy of Tassal, and this makes the pricing policy to keep evolving. This is due to time changes and circumstances in the market such as demand, supply and seasons (Constantinides 2006). According to pricing theory, the prices of the products and services are determined by the cost incurred, demand and the level of competition in the industry. According to the model, pricing strategy concerns three main points namely the cost and profit targets, the demand and the level of competition (Hollensen 2015). Therefore, regarding the model principles, Tassel should set their prices based on the costs incurred during the production of its products. Other factors that need to be considered is the demand for good during different seasons by researching on the industry accepted range. Because Tassal has significant local and international competitors, there is need to check their prices and reduce its pricing rate to capture and retain more consumers. The strategy is sustained by understanding the demand, completion, and production pricing and adjusting them to gain competitive advantages. Although the figure may be different based on the products offered to the market, there is a significant share of cost which is used to get the product and services closer where the customer can access them. This is the Tassal as the place where their stores are set serves the roles of storing and making available to the consumers (Hollensen 2015). For instance, the firm has significant stores based in Salamanca, Kew, Tasmania and Victoria where customers can access quickly and be transported to other areas through roads. But many of the products are processed by factories in different locations and delivered to wholesalers who takes them closer to the retailers. In addition the processing centers are placed in a strategic location where people from different geographical locations can access them easily (Birch et al. 2012). According to operations theory in marketing, the business location is essential as it determines the access of products and services by the primary consumers. Besides, the place where the business is located has an enormous impact on the profits and revenues generated by the company. Therefore, Tassal should seek and establish their stores and processing facilities where it is possible to maximize the scale of income generated and minimize the costs incurred to reach the peoples. When the business is placed in a disadvantaged position, they experience rising competition, incurs huge costs of reaching consumers, have communications challenges and face falling demand (Hollensen 2015). The Promotion strategy by the organization has the primary objective of communicating to the consumers on why they should buy the product and how. The aim is to make the relevant information available in a bid to help the customers makes the decision on whether to purchase the product or service or not (Posner 2015). Tassal just like any other organization engages in a range of promotional activities in the digital, print and broadcast media to inform the consumers about their service and product offerings and to boost the sales. The strategy is also employed by Tassal to deal with the issues of competition from local and international companies invading the Australian market and others where they have demand (Friel et al. 2014). Alignment theory is relevant to the promotion strategies used by Tassel to capture more consumers in the market. For the promotion strategy used to be effective, then it must communicate the product features, benefits associated with it and others based on the target consumers. Therefore it is paramount for Tassel to use alignment strategy to during promotional activities such as PR, advertising (Kozlenkova et al. 2014). For example, when marketing Salmons they should be presented as aimed toward enhancing individuals health and capacity and downplaying another fundamental aspect which is not relevant for the promotion activity. Comparison of Marketing Mix Strategies In the Australian market, the main competitors of the organization of Tasssal include Huon, Petuna Seafoods, and aquaculture. The comparison mainly focuses on the product, pricing, place, and promotion strategies employed in the market. These strategies have more similarity but with slight differences. First of all, all the companies are competing in the seafood and fish industry, and their common products to consumers are Salmon. These firms provide framed salmon for the market, but there are differences in how they present the products in the market based on their target consumers and the demographics. Moreover, the companys products are offered to the consumer with their health benefits to attract them. There is difference in the way the products are packaged to make more appealing (Birch et al. 2012). The pricing strategy has a lot of similarities and differences. The competitors pricing strategy is determined by the perception held by consumers regarding the value of the products. These rivals tries to offer great products that are well packaged at a higher price. The advertising means and messages adopted by these companies position the salmon products as bearing higher values which outweigh the products. However, the costs of the product are not the same as they are determined by location, mode of delivery amongst others (Fleming Lim-Camacho 2014). The place strategy of the organization also has some differences and similarities. Where the company place is services is dependent on the consumers being targeted and the mean of transporting adopted as it is a determining factor on how the product is purchased. Both Tassel and Huan Tasmania Aquaculture operates in Tasmania and mainland Australia to reach the distributors and the consumers quickly. Both have stores at strategic locations in places such as Salamanca, Kew, Tasmania, Victoria, Habert and other location for easy access to markets and consumers. This also helps them to be in virtually all geographical areas (Fleming Lim-Camacho 2014). Lastly is the promotion strategies used by the competitions. The platforms and strategies are similar only the messages adopted are different due to the target consumers. The rise of technology and high penetration of internet has changed the way companies tries to reach people in the market and turn them into customers. Some of the leading digital platforms used to advertise and engage the consumers in including blogs, social media and websites where consumers can comments on various issues. Other strategies used includes public relations where the companies explain few issues that users might not understand well about the products. There is also a heavy reliance on sales promotion to move their goods faster in the market (Emery et al. 2017). Recommendation on How Tassal Should Improve Its Marketing Mix The best way for Tassal can understand and improve their 4Ps and move toward market domination is learning what persuades the customer toward purchasing a product or subscribing to the service and the areas where improvement is required to create more satisfactions. For packaged Salmons, the management should improve the packaging to make it look appealing, making it environmental conscience and differentiate it with that of the rivals. On the other hand, the place includes the places where the consumers can access the product. The firm should have store distributed across regions, a specialist boutique and make their packaged products to supermarket chains locally and internationally to make it accessible to users of all kind. Tassel should also improve and use the right distribution channels, try to perfect their supply chain management, learn the mistake and differentiate the company brand. Price strategy should take into consideration the value of the product and service offered to the buyer. The Tassel group should seek to understand the established price points in the industry and research whether the consumers are price sensitive to figure out whether a decrease in price can gain the firm a substantial extra market share against the rival. It is also essential to know discounts could be offered to customers and distributors. Lastly, the company can understand where the Promotion strategies can be applied by understanding where the message can spread quickly in the markets. For instance, Tassel should seek to understand sustainable and efficient platforms such as digital and others such as TV, radio, billboards or direct marketing. 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